Introduction and Background of state-of-art sensing and measurement techniques. Contactless potentiometer (resistance-capacitance scheme) – Methodology, Interface Circuits, Overview of Flight Instrumentation.

Analog Electronic Blocks, CMRR Analysis (Non-ideal opamps) of an Instrumentation Amplifier, Linearization circuits for single-element wheatstone bridges (application to strain gauge), Direct Digital Converter for Strain gauges, Signal conditioning for Remote-connected sensor elements.

Inductive sensors and electronic circuits, Eddy-current based sensors, Synchros and Resolvers, Magnetic shielding techniques.

State-of-art Magnetic Sensors – Principle, Characteristics and Applications – Induction Magnetometer, Flux gate Magnetometer, Hall Effect Sensor, Magnetoresistance Sensors, GMR Sensors – Multi-layer and Spin Valve, Wiegand Effect, SQUID.

Case Study-1: GMR Based Angular Position Sensor, Sensing Arrangement, Linearization Electronics – Methodology, Circuit Design and Analysis.

Case study-2: Brake Wear Monitoring, Reluctance-Hall Effect Angle Transducer–Sensing arrangement,Front-end Electronics.Overview of Basic Capacitive sensors.Various design considerations; guarding, stray fields, offset and stray capacitance, Ratio metric measurement – advantages and circuit implementations. RMS, Peak, Average Value Electronic Schemes for Capacitive Sensors, Synchronous Phase Detection – multiplier and switching type.

Case study-3: Liquid level detection – Concentric Cylindrical Plates, Plates on container walls – Dielectric and Conductive Liquids - Analysis. Case study-4: Capacitive Angle Transducers and Front-end electronics.

Piezoelectric sensors, Seismic transducers. Introduction to MEMS, Piezoelectric, Electrodynamic and MEMS Capacitive Accelerometers, Principles of Ultrasonic sensors - Equivalent circuit and transfer function of a piezoelectric transmitter, crystal oscillator. NDT using ultrasonic and eddy-current. Optical and Fibre Optic Sensors

MEMS Pressure sensors, Vaccum-pressure estimation and important flow measurement (volume and mass flow rate) schemes, Flapper-nozzle systems. Sensing Schemes for Attitude, Position measurement and navigation, Instrumentation Systems for Occupancy Detection – Ultrasound, Inductive and Capacitive schemes. Non-contact current and voltage measurement, Newhuman vital-sign sensing techniques.

1. Ramón Pallás-Areny,John G. Webster, Sensors and Signal Conditioning, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 2003

2. Doebelin, E.O., Measurement systems: Application and Design, 5th ed., McGraw hill, 2003.

1. J. G. Webster, The Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook, Vol 1 and 2, CRC Press, 1999

2. L. K. Baxter,Capacitive Sensors – Design and Applications,IEEE Press Series on Electronic Technology, NJ (1997)

3. Jacob Fraden, Handbook of Modern Sensors – Physics, Designs and Applications, Springer, 4th Edition, 2010

4. John P. Bentley, Principle of Measurement Systems, Pearson Education; 3rd Edition, 2006

5. A. Barua, Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation, Wiley, 2013

Course Outcomes (COs):

CO1: Understanding and analysis the advanced analog interfacing electronic schemes for sensors and their error and noise analysis.

CO2: Understanding the various digital front-ends for sensors present in practically - relevant scenerios.

CO3: Study of the principle of state of the art magnetic sensors, basic interfacing and applications.

CO4: Understanding the capacitive and inductive sensing modules and associated signal conditioning techniques.

CO5: Analyze electronic principles and allied technologies used in the industry.

CO6: Design and evaluate efficient sensor-electronic systems with the help of case studies.